alisya eka putri (01)

1.amount of touching
JAPAN
The People
Japan is a highly structured and traditional society. Great importance is placed on loyalty, politeness, personal responsibility and on everyone working together for the good of the larger group. Education, ambition, hard work, patience and determination are held in the highest regard. The crime rate is one of the lowest in the world.
Meeting and Greeting
A handshake is appropriate upon meeting. The Japanese handshake is limp and with little or no eye contact.
Some Japanese bow and shake hands. The bow is a highly regarded greeting to show respect and is appreciated by the Japanese. A slight bow to show courtesy is acceptable.
Personal Space & Touching
The Japanese prefer standing at arms lengths from one another.  Two and half to three feet is normal.  When meeting strangers this distance is farther.
In public places like the subway, a market, etc. personal space can be limited and pushing up against one another is quite common.
There is almost no touching between men and men, women and women, and men and women while conversing.  In social situations, like drinking together, it is more common.
Source : http://www.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student_details.php?Id=9&CID=104

South Korea
The People
Korea is one of the most homogeneous countries in the world, racially and linguistically. It has its own culture, language, dress and cuisine, separate and distinct from its neighboring countries. Hard work, filial piety and modesty are characteristics esteemed by Koreans. They are proud of their traditional culture and their modern economic success. Education is highly valued as the path to status, money and success.
Meeting and Greeting
The bow is the traditional Korean greeting, although it is often accompanied by a handshake among men. To show respect when shaking hands, support your right forearm with your left hand.
Korean women usually nod slightly and will not shake hands with Western men. Western women may offer their hand to a Korean man.
Bow when departing. Younger people wave (move their arm from side to side).

INDONESIA
The People
Along with unity and conformity to society's rules, honor and respect for the individual is the basis of Indonesian culture. Indonesians value loyalty to family and friends above all else. Life is simple for most people; most enjoy few modern conveniences, such as running water. Indonesia as a whole is viewed by its people as an extended family with the president, schoolmasters and leaders of business enterprises referred to as "fathers" by the public.
Meeting and Greeting
Shake hands and give a slight nod when meeting for the first time. After the first meeting, a handshake is not necessary; a slight bow or nod of the head is sufficient. Shake an Indonesian woman's hand only if she initiates the greeting.
Greet people with "Selamat" (sell-a-mat), which means peace. Say it slowly and sincerely

 (source : http://www.ediplomat.com/np/cultural_etiquette/ce_kr.htm  and http://pranaindonesia.wordpress.com/artikel-2/makna-jabat-tangan/ )




2. Kinds of eye contact
 USA
The eyes are frequently referred to as the "windows to the soul" since they are capable of revealing a great deal about what a person if feeling or thinking. As you engage in conversation with another person, taking note of eye movements is a natural and important part of the communication process. Some common things you may note is whether people are making direct eye contact or averting their gaze, how much they are blinking, or if their pupils are dilated.
When evaluating body language, pay attention to the follow eye signals:
Eye gaze
When a person looks directly into your eyes when having a conversion, it indicates that they are interested and paying attention. However, prolonged eye contact can feel threatening. On the other hand, breaking eye contact and frequently looking away may indicate that the person is distracted, uncomfortable, or trying to conceal his or her real feelings.

Blinking
Blinking is natural, but you should also pay attention to whether a person is blinking too much or too little. People often blink more rapidly when they are feeling distressed or uncomfortable. Infrequent blinking may indicate that a person is intentionally trying to control his or her eye movements. For example, a poker player might blink less frequently because he is purposely trying to appear unexcited about the hand he was dealt.

Pupil size
One of the most subtle cues that eyes provide is through the size of the pupils. While light levels in the environment control pupil dilation, sometimes emotions can also cause small changes in pupil size. For example, you may have heard the phase "bedroom eyes" used to describe the look someone gives when they are attracted to another person


Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131002092629.htm and  http://psychology.about.com/od/nonverbalcommunication/ss/understanding-body-language_3.html

CHINESE
Eye Contact
In Western countries one expects to maintain eye contact when we talk with people. This is a norm we consider basic and essential. This is not the case among the Chinese. On the contrary, because of the more authoritarian nature of the Chinese society, steady eye contact is viewed as inappropriate, especially when subordinates talk with their superiors.
Chinese students are not brought up to maintain constant eye contact with their teachers. Eye contact is sometimes viewed as a gesture of challenge or defiance. When people get angry, they tend to maintain steady eye contact. Otherwise, they keep talking looking elsewhere or nonchalant. Also, try to avoid physical contant and eye contact with the opposite sex.


Indonesia
Eye Contact
Indonesians tend to stare at something that appears unusual to them. So if you're a Westerner (white) in a bus full of Indonesians, expect everybody to look at you..
Indonesians tend to favor indirect eye contact over direct.  They may view overtly direct eye contact as suspicious and threatening.
During conversation it is best to use direct eye contact intermittently.

Source: http://www.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student_details.php?Id=10&CID=97


3.type of facial expressions
USA
Facial expressions convey emotion and meaning to the person, who is looking at you. Even the slightest change in the position of your eyebrow can change the entire meaning of the body language that is being displayed. Facial expressions are the primary means of conveying social information among humans, but they can well be found in other mammals and some other animal species also. A simple smile itself is enough to express ‘I’m pleased’ or ‘I’m happy’ or even ‘I like you’. Being the foundations of body language, facial expressions are manifold varying from joy and approval to distrust and doubt. Read on to learn the different types of facial expressions.

Different Types Of Facial Expressions

Surprise
This expression can be characterized by lifted eyebrows such that they are curved and central to the forehead. The skin below the eyebrows stretch and horizontal wrinkles can be seen across the forehead. The eyelids are wide open’ while the jaw drops down separating the lips and the teeth. Often the head is tilted, but in two ways. If the head tilts forward, it indicates disbelief’ while if the head is pulled back, it indicates fear.

Interest
Usually, this expression is neutral and only indicates that the person is open to information. The features of such an expression are a half smile and a slight widening of the eyes. The forehead and the eyebrows are the expressions to watch out for. A slight frown indicates concentration, while narrow eyes show that the person is unable to absorb and accept the incoming information.

Joy
A clear emotion of sincere happiness! This expression rightly answers the question ‘Why do we smile?’ The characteristics of a joyful face include round eyes and raised cheeks. A broad smile that exposes the teeth expresses friendliness, politeness and approval.

Rage
Rage is the result of anger. The eyes narrow, the eyebrows lift up, forming the classic V-shape. The lips tighten while the face can be seen as prepared for combat. The reasons behind anger include hate, a desire to inflict hurt or a denial of consequences.

Fear
‘His face was a mask of terror’. This cliché from the English literature best describes a fearful face, as it takes on a mask-like appearance. A fearful face can be distinguished by a frozen stare, wild and wide-open eyes, pale and pulled back face, chills, sweating and strands of hair standing on end.

Anguish
Extreme (emotional) pain, distress or anxiety best describe the word anguish. The face alters to crying or rhythmic sobbing, with arched eyebrows, slightly open mouth and turned down lips.

Disgust
Disgust is an emotion associated with things that are considered as unclean, inedible, infectious or otherwise offensive. A person may close his nose and eyes as an attempt to prevent contact from the contagion to show an expression of disgust.

Shame
A person portrays this emotion when he realizes that he has been identified in an indefensible ‘wrong doing’. This happens when the person is caught by others, but also when he recognizes internally that he is wrong. Such a person can be identified by looking down or to the side in an attempt to avoid meeting the eyes of the other people. The mouth droops in sorrow; the head tilts forward or bows down with the eyebrows arching outwards in a non-aggressive expression.
Source : http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/facial-expressions-9126.html

Malaysia
Meeting and Greeting

Greetings in a social context will depend upon the ethnicity of the person you are meeting. In general, most Malays are aware of Western ways so the handshake is normal. There may be slight differences though and a few things to bear in mind include:
• Malay women may not shake hands with men. Women can of course shake hands with women. Men may also not shake hands with women and may bow instead while placing their hand on their heart.• The Chinese handshake is light and may be rather prolonged. Men and women may shake hands, although the woman must extend her hand first. Many older Chinese lower their eyes during the greeting as a sign of respect.
• Indians shake hands with members of the same sex. When being introduced to someone of the opposite sex, nodding the head and smiling is usually sufficient.
Among all cultures, there is a general tendency to introduce:
• the most important person to the lower ranking person.
• the older person to the younger person.• women to men.
Source : http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/intercultural/management/malaysia.html

Indonesia
 
Face

. Due to the need to maintain group harmony the concept of 'face' is important to understand.
. In Indonesia the concept is about avoiding the cause of shame ("malu").
. Consequently, people are very careful how they interact and speak.
. Although a foreigner can not be expected to understand the nuances of the concept it is crucial to keep an eye on ones behaviour.
. One should never ridicule, shout at or offend anyone. Imperfections should always be hidden and addresses privately. Similarly blame should never be aimed at any individual/group publicly.
. One manifestation of the concept of face/shame is that Indonesians communite quite indirectly, i.e. they would never wish to cause anyone shame by giving them a negative answer so would phrase it a way where you would be expected to realise what they truly want to say.
. Bahasa Indonesian actually has 12 ways of saying "No" and several other ways of saying "Yes" when the actual meaning is "No" !!




4.amount of gesturing
Indonesia
Gestures
People beckon one another by extending an arm and making a scratching motion with their fingers.
Beckoning or pointing with a finger is considered bad form.  Using an open palm or your thumb with the rest of your fingers clenched in fist is the way to go.
Always use your right hand only to pass or receive an object.
When pointing at something, people (especially Javanese) tend to use the thumb rather than an index finger. Many times this is accompanied with a slight bow that indicates they respect you.
A slight bow is polite when saying hello and goodbye to a host.
Smiling is very prevalent and is often used even when people don't like something or they don't agree.
Many people will nod even though they don't understand.  This relates back to saving face as they don't want to embarrass the other person by making them repeat the question

India
Gestures
It is common to remove one's shoes at places of worship, when visiting people's homes, and  even in certain shops and businesses.  A good rule to follow is if you see shoes arranged near the door, take yours off as well.
People beckon one another by extending an arm and making a scratching motion with their fingers, palm facing down.
The head wobble, which is very common throughout the country can mean "yes" and not "no".  It depends on the angle and expression and the speed to determine which is which.
Pointing with one finger is common.
One usually always eats with the right hand as the left hand is considered unclean.

England
Gestures
An inverted two-finger  "peace sign" or "V for victory sign is an obscenity.
People tend to walk on the left and pass on the right.
Tapping the side of the forehead in the UK means you are stupid, not smart.

5.distance between people
Indonesia
Personal Space & Touching
Indonesians tend to prefer standing at least arms lengths from one another. When conversing with friends and close acquaintances this distance is a bit shorter
Amongst friends and close acquaintances of the same sex, there is a decent amount touching during conversation. 
There is almost no touching between men and women while conversing.
Kissing and hugging in public is to be avoided at all costs.
Indonesians tend to stand close to each other, especially in public places. So when you are queuing and can feel the person behind you breathing on to your neck, it is not meant to be rude.
Women tend to hold hands with each other but this is not a romantic gesture.
It's advisable to avoid touching between opposite sexes (like hand on shoulders) unless they initiate first.

French
Personal Space & Touching
An arm's length distance or a bit closer is an appropriate amount of personal space.
Given the close nature of the French greeting with kisses, the French are generally more at ease maintaining personal space.
The French may seem reserved upon first meeting.  However, during subsequent meetings, touching during a conversation is acceptable and considered a sign of affection.

Canada
Personal Space & Touching
Canadians value their personal space and tend to be comfortable with 2-3 feet of personal space during conversations.
For most Canadians there is little to no touching during conversations.  This may be different between good friends and family.
In French-speaking areas, there is more touching during conversations and the personal space is generally reduced.
Source; http://www.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student_details.php?Id=9&CID=104

By : Alisya Eka Putri (1)
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