Jumat, 11 Oktober 2013

Andi Azizah Halid Kelas :Aksel2

Amount Of Touching

     External

      Haptic communication is a form of nonverbal communication and the way by which people and other animals communicate via touching. Touch, or the haptic sense, is extremely important for humans; as well as providing information about surfaces and textures it is a component of nonverbal communication in interpersonal relationships, and vital in conveying physical intimacy. There are six different kinds of "touch".

    A pat on the back, a caress of the arm—these are everyday, incidental gestures that we usually take for granted, thanks to our amazingly dexterous hands.
Brian Jackson
But after years spent immersed in the science of touch, I can tell you that they are far more profound than we usually realize: They are our primary language of compassion, and a primary means for spreading compassion.
In recent years, a wave of studies has documented some incredible emotional and physicalhealth benefits that come from touch. This research is suggesting that touch is truly fundamental to human communication, bonding, and health.
In my own lab, in a study led by my former student Matt Hertenstein (now a professor at DePauw University), we asked whether humans can clearly communicate compassion through touch.

Internal
.      Indonesia, have different cultures in other countries, such as shaking hands, in Indonesia, shaking the older ones, to be more polite kiss the hands of older people


   





 in Indonesia, particularly in Java, sungkeman be one of the
      people of Javanese culture, a child shall sungkeman to her parents in order to be given approval for what he wants done
      by the child.







Kind Of Eye Contact

         External

      Patterns of eye contact are different across cultures. Some Americans feel uncomfortable with the "gaze" that is sometimes associated with Arab or Indian communication patterns. For Americans, this style of eye contact is too intense. Yet too little eye contact may also be viewed negatively, because it may convey a lack of interest, inattention, or even mistrust. The relationship between the lack of eye contact and mistrust  in the American culture is stated directly in the expression "Never trust a person who doesn't look you in the eyes." In contrast, in many other parts of the world (especially in Asian countries), a person's lack of eye contact toward an authority figure signifies respect and deference.

Eye contact is important because insufficient or excessive eye contact can create communication
barriers. In relationships, it serves to show intimacy, attention, and influence. As with facial expressions, there are no specific rules governing eye behavior in the United States, except that is is considered rude to stare, especially at strangers. In parts of the United States, however, such as on the West Coast and in the South, it is quite common to glance at strangers when passing them. For example, it is usual for two strangers walking toward each other to make eye contact, smile, and perhaps even say "Hi," before immediately looking away. This type of contact doesn't mean much; it is simply a way of acknowledging another person's presence. In general, Americans make less eye contact in bus stations, for example, than in more comfortable settings such as a university student center.


      II.            Internal
1.      eye contact in the china, in contrast with the eye contact in Indonesia. Most of Indonesian children when scolded by his mother, definitely turned it 
      down. But the Chinese people, children when scolded turned down, considered rude and did not hear what she said.






        most Indonesian people, feel embarrassed when looking into  the eyes of people he talked to. Because they are not accustomed to it. Eye contact on Indonesian culture, in contrast to the required kingdonm united face to face.








Distance Between People
        I.            External
1.       Unconsciously, we all keep a comfortable distance around us when we interact with other people. This distance has had several names over the years, including "personal space," "interpersonal distance," "comfort zone," and "body bubble." This space between us and another person forms invisible walls that define how comfortable we feel at various distances from other people.
Welina The amount of space changes depending on the nature of the relationship. For example, we are usually more comfortable standing closer to family members than to strangers. Personality also determines the size of the area with which we are comfortable when talking to people. Introverts often prefer to interact with others at a greater distance than do extroverts. Culture styles are important too. A Japanese employer and employee usually stand farther apart while talking than their American counterparts. Latin Americans and Arabs tend to stand closer than Americans do when talking.
Qhila For Americans, the usual distance in social conversation ranges from about an arm's length to four feet. Less space in the American culture may be associated with either greater intimacy or aggressive behavior. The common practice of saying "Excuse me," for the slightest accidental touching of another person reveals how uncomfortable Americans are if people get too close. Thus, a person whose "space" has been intruded upon by another may feel threatened and react defensively. In cultures where close physical contact is acceptable and even desirable, Americans may be perceived as cold and distant.

2.       Zhoovi Culture does not always determine the message of nonverbal communication. The individual's personality, the context, and the relationship also influence its meaning. However, like verbal language, nonverbal language is linked to person's cultural background. People are generally comfortable with others who have "body language" similar to their own. One research study demonstrated that when British graduate students imitated some Arab patterns of nonverbal behavior (making increased eye contact, smiling, and directly facing their Arab partners), the Arabs felt that these students were more likeable and trustworthy than most of the other British students.
Liana When one person's nonverbal language matches that of another, there is increased comfort. In nonverbal communication across cultures there are similarities and differences. Whether we choose to emphasize the former or the latter, the "silent language" is much louder than it first appears.



      II.            Internal
1.       Culture of Indonesia, if the talk should have a considerable distance, especially if they are Moslem, because, they are not mahram. If they are married, it was allowed in, but if they are
     not married, they are not allowed to say too
     near.




Type of facial Expressions
           External
1.      Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For instance, in American culture the smile is typically an expression of pleasure. 
      Yet it also has other functions. A woman's smile  at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show affection, convey politeness, or disguise true feelings. For example many people in Russia consider smiling at strangers in public to 
      be unusual and even suspicious behavior. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places 
      (although this is less common in big cities). Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians don't smile enough. In Southeast Asian cultures, a smile is frequently used to cover emotional pain or embarrassment. Vietnamese people may tell the sad story of how they had to leave their country but end the story with a smile.



2.      Chynika Our faces reveal emotions and attitudes, but we should not attempt to "read" people from another culture as we would "read" someone from our own culture. The degree of facial expressiveness one exhibits varies among individuals and cultures. The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions. Rather, there are cultural restraints on the amount of nonverbal expressiveness permitted. For example, in public and formal situations many Japanese do not show their emotions as
      freely as Americans do. More privately and with friends, Japanese and Americans seem to show their emotions similarly. Many teachers in the United States have a difficult time knowing whether their Japanese students understand and enjoy their lessons. The American teacher is looking for more facial responsiveness than what the Japanese student is comfortable with in the classroom situation.
Alisya It is difficult to generalize about Americans and facial expressiveness because of individual and ethnic differences in the United States. People from certain ethnic backgrounds in the United States tend to more facially expressive than others. The key, is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotions are different. If we judge according to our own cultural norms, we may make the mistake of "reading' the other person incorrectly.
    

      II.            Internal
1.      Usually, a lot of people who harbored anger, he did not want to vent his anger. So, he could have been the stress of 
      thinking about other people's mistakes and want to reply to someone else's fault. Things like this, should be wipe out
      in our lives. And then, this is just a lot of people.








Amount Of Gesturing
         External
      Gestures are specific body movements that
       carry meaning. Hand motions alone can convey many meanings: "Come here," Go away," It's 
     okay," and "That's expensive!" are just a few examples. The gestures for these phrases often differ across cultures. For example, beckoning people to come with the palm up is common in
      the United States. This same gesture in the Philippines, Korea, and parts of Latin America as well as other countries is considered rude. In 
     some countries, only an animal would be beckoned with the palm up.


2.       As children, we imitate and learn to use these nonverbal movements to accompany or replace words. When traveling
     to another country, foreign visitors soon learn that not all gestures are universal. For example, the "O.K." gesture in the American culture is a symbol for money in Japan. This same gesture is obscene in some Latin American countries. (This is why the editors of a Brazilian newspaper enjoyed publishing a picture
     of a former American president giving the "O.K." symbol with
      both hands!). Many American business executives enjoy relaxing with their feet up on their desks. But to show a person from Saudi Arabia or Thailand the sole of one's foot is extremely insulting, because the foot is considered the dirtiest part of the body. Can you imagine the reaction in Thailand when a foreign shoe company distributed an advertisement showing a pair of shoes next to a sacred sculpture of Budda?

   





      II.            Internal

1.       show 1 finger has many meanings, such as, prohibit, enjoin, and others. Indonesian culture that most people.




Source: www.rpi.edu
Name    : Andi Azizah Nur Fadhilah 
No.Reg : 02
Class     : Acceleration 2
School   : Junior High School 06 Makassar

Kamis, 10 Oktober 2013

alisya eka putri (01)



1.amount of touching
JAPAN
The People
Japan is a highly structured and traditional society. Great importance is placed on loyalty, politeness, personal responsibility and on everyone working together for the good of the larger group. Education, ambition, hard work, patience and determination are held in the highest regard. The crime rate is one of the lowest in the world.
Meeting and Greeting
A handshake is appropriate upon meeting. The Japanese handshake is limp and with little or no eye contact.
Some Japanese bow and shake hands. The bow is a highly regarded greeting to show respect and is appreciated by the Japanese. A slight bow to show courtesy is acceptable.
Personal Space & Touching
The Japanese prefer standing at arms lengths from one another.  Two and half to three feet is normal.  When meeting strangers this distance is farther.
In public places like the subway, a market, etc. personal space can be limited and pushing up against one another is quite common.
There is almost no touching between men and men, women and women, and men and women while conversing.  In social situations, like drinking together, it is more common.
Source : http://www.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student_details.php?Id=9&CID=104

South Korea
The People
Korea is one of the most homogeneous countries in the world, racially and linguistically. It has its own culture, language, dress and cuisine, separate and distinct from its neighboring countries. Hard work, filial piety and modesty are characteristics esteemed by Koreans. They are proud of their traditional culture and their modern economic success. Education is highly valued as the path to status, money and success.
Meeting and Greeting
The bow is the traditional Korean greeting, although it is often accompanied by a handshake among men. To show respect when shaking hands, support your right forearm with your left hand.
Korean women usually nod slightly and will not shake hands with Western men. Western women may offer their hand to a Korean man.
Bow when departing. Younger people wave (move their arm from side to side).

INDONESIA
The People
Along with unity and conformity to society's rules, honor and respect for the individual is the basis of Indonesian culture. Indonesians value loyalty to family and friends above all else. Life is simple for most people; most enjoy few modern conveniences, such as running water. Indonesia as a whole is viewed by its people as an extended family with the president, schoolmasters and leaders of business enterprises referred to as "fathers" by the public.
Meeting and Greeting
Shake hands and give a slight nod when meeting for the first time. After the first meeting, a handshake is not necessary; a slight bow or nod of the head is sufficient. Shake an Indonesian woman's hand only if she initiates the greeting.
Greet people with "Selamat" (sell-a-mat), which means peace. Say it slowly and sincerely

 (source : http://www.ediplomat.com/np/cultural_etiquette/ce_kr.htm  and http://pranaindonesia.wordpress.com/artikel-2/makna-jabat-tangan/ )




2. Kinds of eye contact
 USA
The eyes are frequently referred to as the "windows to the soul" since they are capable of revealing a great deal about what a person if feeling or thinking. As you engage in conversation with another person, taking note of eye movements is a natural and important part of the communication process. Some common things you may note is whether people are making direct eye contact or averting their gaze, how much they are blinking, or if their pupils are dilated.
When evaluating body language, pay attention to the follow eye signals:
Eye gaze
When a person looks directly into your eyes when having a conversion, it indicates that they are interested and paying attention. However, prolonged eye contact can feel threatening. On the other hand, breaking eye contact and frequently looking away may indicate that the person is distracted, uncomfortable, or trying to conceal his or her real feelings.

Blinking
Blinking is natural, but you should also pay attention to whether a person is blinking too much or too little. People often blink more rapidly when they are feeling distressed or uncomfortable. Infrequent blinking may indicate that a person is intentionally trying to control his or her eye movements. For example, a poker player might blink less frequently because he is purposely trying to appear unexcited about the hand he was dealt.

Pupil size
One of the most subtle cues that eyes provide is through the size of the pupils. While light levels in the environment control pupil dilation, sometimes emotions can also cause small changes in pupil size. For example, you may have heard the phase "bedroom eyes" used to describe the look someone gives when they are attracted to another person


Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131002092629.htm and  http://psychology.about.com/od/nonverbalcommunication/ss/understanding-body-language_3.html

CHINESE
Eye Contact
In Western countries one expects to maintain eye contact when we talk with people. This is a norm we consider basic and essential. This is not the case among the Chinese. On the contrary, because of the more authoritarian nature of the Chinese society, steady eye contact is viewed as inappropriate, especially when subordinates talk with their superiors.
Chinese students are not brought up to maintain constant eye contact with their teachers. Eye contact is sometimes viewed as a gesture of challenge or defiance. When people get angry, they tend to maintain steady eye contact. Otherwise, they keep talking looking elsewhere or nonchalant. Also, try to avoid physical contant and eye contact with the opposite sex.


Indonesia
Eye Contact
Indonesians tend to stare at something that appears unusual to them. So if you're a Westerner (white) in a bus full of Indonesians, expect everybody to look at you..
Indonesians tend to favor indirect eye contact over direct.  They may view overtly direct eye contact as suspicious and threatening.
During conversation it is best to use direct eye contact intermittently.

Source: http://www.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student_details.php?Id=10&CID=97


3.type of facial expressions
USA
Facial expressions convey emotion and meaning to the person, who is looking at you. Even the slightest change in the position of your eyebrow can change the entire meaning of the body language that is being displayed. Facial expressions are the primary means of conveying social information among humans, but they can well be found in other mammals and some other animal species also. A simple smile itself is enough to express ‘I’m pleased’ or ‘I’m happy’ or even ‘I like you’. Being the foundations of body language, facial expressions are manifold varying from joy and approval to distrust and doubt. Read on to learn the different types of facial expressions.

Different Types Of Facial Expressions

Surprise
This expression can be characterized by lifted eyebrows such that they are curved and central to the forehead. The skin below the eyebrows stretch and horizontal wrinkles can be seen across the forehead. The eyelids are wide open’ while the jaw drops down separating the lips and the teeth. Often the head is tilted, but in two ways. If the head tilts forward, it indicates disbelief’ while if the head is pulled back, it indicates fear.

Interest
Usually, this expression is neutral and only indicates that the person is open to information. The features of such an expression are a half smile and a slight widening of the eyes. The forehead and the eyebrows are the expressions to watch out for. A slight frown indicates concentration, while narrow eyes show that the person is unable to absorb and accept the incoming information.

Joy
A clear emotion of sincere happiness! This expression rightly answers the question ‘Why do we smile?’ The characteristics of a joyful face include round eyes and raised cheeks. A broad smile that exposes the teeth expresses friendliness, politeness and approval.

Rage
Rage is the result of anger. The eyes narrow, the eyebrows lift up, forming the classic V-shape. The lips tighten while the face can be seen as prepared for combat. The reasons behind anger include hate, a desire to inflict hurt or a denial of consequences.

Fear
‘His face was a mask of terror’. This cliché from the English literature best describes a fearful face, as it takes on a mask-like appearance. A fearful face can be distinguished by a frozen stare, wild and wide-open eyes, pale and pulled back face, chills, sweating and strands of hair standing on end.

Anguish
Extreme (emotional) pain, distress or anxiety best describe the word anguish. The face alters to crying or rhythmic sobbing, with arched eyebrows, slightly open mouth and turned down lips.

Disgust
Disgust is an emotion associated with things that are considered as unclean, inedible, infectious or otherwise offensive. A person may close his nose and eyes as an attempt to prevent contact from the contagion to show an expression of disgust.

Shame
A person portrays this emotion when he realizes that he has been identified in an indefensible ‘wrong doing’. This happens when the person is caught by others, but also when he recognizes internally that he is wrong. Such a person can be identified by looking down or to the side in an attempt to avoid meeting the eyes of the other people. The mouth droops in sorrow; the head tilts forward or bows down with the eyebrows arching outwards in a non-aggressive expression.
Source : http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/facial-expressions-9126.html

Malaysia
Meeting and Greeting

Greetings in a social context will depend upon the ethnicity of the person you are meeting. In general, most Malays are aware of Western ways so the handshake is normal. There may be slight differences though and a few things to bear in mind include:
• Malay women may not shake hands with men. Women can of course shake hands with women. Men may also not shake hands with women and may bow instead while placing their hand on their heart.• The Chinese handshake is light and may be rather prolonged. Men and women may shake hands, although the woman must extend her hand first. Many older Chinese lower their eyes during the greeting as a sign of respect.
• Indians shake hands with members of the same sex. When being introduced to someone of the opposite sex, nodding the head and smiling is usually sufficient.
Among all cultures, there is a general tendency to introduce:
• the most important person to the lower ranking person.
• the older person to the younger person.• women to men.
Source : http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/intercultural/management/malaysia.html

Indonesia
 
Face

. Due to the need to maintain group harmony the concept of 'face' is important to understand.
. In Indonesia the concept is about avoiding the cause of shame ("malu").
. Consequently, people are very careful how they interact and speak.
. Although a foreigner can not be expected to understand the nuances of the concept it is crucial to keep an eye on ones behaviour.
. One should never ridicule, shout at or offend anyone. Imperfections should always be hidden and addresses privately. Similarly blame should never be aimed at any individual/group publicly.
. One manifestation of the concept of face/shame is that Indonesians communite quite indirectly, i.e. they would never wish to cause anyone shame by giving them a negative answer so would phrase it a way where you would be expected to realise what they truly want to say.
. Bahasa Indonesian actually has 12 ways of saying "No" and several other ways of saying "Yes" when the actual meaning is "No" !!




4.amount of gesturing
Indonesia
Gestures
People beckon one another by extending an arm and making a scratching motion with their fingers.
Beckoning or pointing with a finger is considered bad form.  Using an open palm or your thumb with the rest of your fingers clenched in fist is the way to go.
Always use your right hand only to pass or receive an object.
When pointing at something, people (especially Javanese) tend to use the thumb rather than an index finger. Many times this is accompanied with a slight bow that indicates they respect you.
A slight bow is polite when saying hello and goodbye to a host.
Smiling is very prevalent and is often used even when people don't like something or they don't agree.
Many people will nod even though they don't understand.  This relates back to saving face as they don't want to embarrass the other person by making them repeat the question

India
Gestures
It is common to remove one's shoes at places of worship, when visiting people's homes, and  even in certain shops and businesses.  A good rule to follow is if you see shoes arranged near the door, take yours off as well.
People beckon one another by extending an arm and making a scratching motion with their fingers, palm facing down.
The head wobble, which is very common throughout the country can mean "yes" and not "no".  It depends on the angle and expression and the speed to determine which is which.
Pointing with one finger is common.
One usually always eats with the right hand as the left hand is considered unclean.

England
Gestures
An inverted two-finger  "peace sign" or "V for victory sign is an obscenity.
People tend to walk on the left and pass on the right.
Tapping the side of the forehead in the UK means you are stupid, not smart.

5.distance between people
Indonesia
Personal Space & Touching
Indonesians tend to prefer standing at least arms lengths from one another. When conversing with friends and close acquaintances this distance is a bit shorter
Amongst friends and close acquaintances of the same sex, there is a decent amount touching during conversation. 
There is almost no touching between men and women while conversing.
Kissing and hugging in public is to be avoided at all costs.
Indonesians tend to stand close to each other, especially in public places. So when you are queuing and can feel the person behind you breathing on to your neck, it is not meant to be rude.
Women tend to hold hands with each other but this is not a romantic gesture.
It's advisable to avoid touching between opposite sexes (like hand on shoulders) unless they initiate first.

French
Personal Space & Touching
An arm's length distance or a bit closer is an appropriate amount of personal space.
Given the close nature of the French greeting with kisses, the French are generally more at ease maintaining personal space.
The French may seem reserved upon first meeting.  However, during subsequent meetings, touching during a conversation is acceptable and considered a sign of affection.

Canada
Personal Space & Touching
Canadians value their personal space and tend to be comfortable with 2-3 feet of personal space during conversations.
For most Canadians there is little to no touching during conversations.  This may be different between good friends and family.
In French-speaking areas, there is more touching during conversations and the personal space is generally reduced.
Source; http://www.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student_details.php?Id=9&CID=104

By : Alisya Eka Putri (1)
        Acceleration2
        

Culture (Rashifa Ramadhai al-wahab)


A. Amount of gesture
1.       
Beckon with index finger. This means “Come here” in the U.S. To motion with the index finger to call someone is insulting, or even obscene, in many cultures. Expect a reaction when you beckon to a student from the Middle or Far East; Portugal, Spain, Latin America, Japan, Indonesia and Hong Kong. It is more acceptable to beckon with the palm down, with fingers or whole hand waving.
2.       

  Point at something in the room using index finger. It is impolite to point with the index finger in the Middle and Far East. Use an open hand or your thumb (in Indonesia)



3.        Make a "V" sign. This means "Victory" in most of Europe when you make this sign with your palm facing away from you. If you face your palm in, the same gesture means "Shove it."
4.       
  Smile. This gesture is universally understood. However, it various cultures there are different reasons for smiling. The Japanese may smile when they are confused or angry. In other parts of Asia, people may smile when they are embarrassed. People in other cultures may not smile at everyone to indicate a friendly greeting as we do in the United States. A smile may be reserved for friends. It is important not to judge students or their parents because they do not smile, or smile at what we would consider "inappropriate" times.
5.          Sit with soles shoes showing. In many cultures this sends a rude message. In Thailand, Japan and France as well as countries of the Middle and Near East showing the soles of the feet demonstrates disrespect. You are exposing the lowest and dirtiest part of your body so this is insulting.
6.       
Form a circle with fingers to indicate “O.K.” Although this means “O.K.” in the U.S. and in many countries around the world, there are some notable exceptions:
·         In Brazil and Germany, this gesture is obscene.
·         In Japan, this means “money.”
·         In France, it has the additional meaning of “zero” or “worthless.”

7.        Pat a student on the head. This is very upsetting to students from Asia. The head is the repository of the soul in the Buddhist religion. Children from cultures which are influenced by Buddhism will feel uncomfortable if their head is touched.
8.       
 Pass an item to someone with one hand. - In Japan this is very rude. Even a very small item such as a pencil must be passed with two hands. In many Middle and Far Eastern countries it is rude to pass something with your left hand which is considered “unclean.”
9.       
   Wave hand with the palm facing outward to greet someone. In Europe, waving the hand back and forth can mean “No.” To wave “good-bye,” raise the palm outward and wag the fingers in unison, This is also a serious insult in Nigeria if the hand is too close to another person’s face.
10.   
Nod head up and down to say “Yes.” In Bulgaria and Greece, this gesture means “No.”

Gesture

B. Distance between people


Public Distance Zone
   it's the most outer 'bubble' and is usually larger than 3.6 meters (approx. 12 feet).
This zone is reserved for public speaking, or generally, when talking to a large group. It's just feels much comfortable to address a large group from a distance – it's as if you consider the whole group as one individual with a great amount of personal space.
This is comfortable for the audience too – they all get to see you (and hopefully hear you well enough too).
This zone is also great for general observation of other people without really interacting with them. A neutral zone so to say. Imagine, for example, that you found someone attractive and you look at them from this far distance – it's probably OK and perhaps even flattering for them. Getting closer and stare, though, can send chills down their spine.
Social Distance Zone
This space is between 1.5 – 3 meters (5 – 10 feet).
It's the most neutral and comfortable zone to start a conversation between people who don't know each other well.
It's the distance you keep from strangers that you may have some interaction with them like: shopkeepers, clerks in the bank and other sales or service providers.
Sometimes you will find that this distance is actually shorter, especially in a sitting scenario. The explanation I find most fitting to this behavior is that in those cases there is usually some kind of an artificial barrier between you and the stranger – a desk or some board/book/paper you or they hold. This barrier helps to relax and maintain the comfort zone and in the meanwhile allows you to be in closer proximity to discuss and examine details.
Personal Distance Zone
  Ranges from 60cm to 1.5 meters (2-5 feet).
This space is reserved for friends and family – people you know and trust. It's an easy and relaxed space for talking, shaking hands, gesturing and making faces.
Now, there's also some division inside this personal space, it depends on personal preferences and affection. The guideline here is this: the more you like someone – the closer you'll stand to him.
I've talked about leaning forward in positive body language posture article, and the main idea is that leaning forward towards someone usually show's interest, affection and it builds rapport. 
If possible, you should avoid getting too close to prevent invading personal space. But getting closer, in an acceptable level, shows that you like the other person. So you start the magical circle of rapport – they see that you like them, they like that you like them and in turn they will like you back. (so many likes..!)
Intimate Distance Zone

   Ranges from direct contact to 60 cm (2 feet).
Obviously it's the space reserved only for the most trusted and loved in our social circles: partners and siblings. It doesn't mean that we're offended by a friend's hug or anything, only it's going to be brief and less intimate.
This space (especially the 15 cm (1/2 foot) zone bubble) is like a private bubble of breathing space, almost as an extension of our body. When someone is getting that close, our body and mind automatically reacts – it's being put on flight or fight mode. If it's someone acceptable in our most inner circle – we relax and enjoy the intimacy, but if the presence is unwelcome, we will shut down and try to retain somehow our comfort zone.
Some people use "power plays" to invade that space and to take advantage of this state of confusion and vulnerability. For example, one of the popular interrogation techniques is to intimidate the suspect by getting very close to invade his intimate zone. Then, while he's helpless, try to exploit his vulnerability and discomfort to extract information.
Another optional interpretation for getting this close is: sexual advancement (or a faked sexual interest – to seduce and manipulate) –it's an indication that the other party wants more than a mere friendship – they want intimacy.
Intimate Crowd
What about crowded conditions? Like when standing in a full elevator or bus? A crowded concert or a long line in the DMV office?
While we certainly don't feel very comfortable in these situations, we're not on our edge either, so what really happen?
Obviously we don't welcome these strangers to our intimate zone by will, but on the other hand we know that we have no choice in that matter and neither do them. So our brain found an elegant solution – we avoid treating them as other individuals in an act called dehumanization. Since we subconsciously choose to 'ignore' them as human beings, to feel more secure about ourselves, we automatically avoid any human contact with them:
  •   We avoid eye contact –staring at the ceiling or floor.
  •   We wear blank face expressions.
  •   We make the minimal movements and gestures possible to avoid contact
That's why crowded public spaces often viewed as cold and distant, there is a big contrast between having so much people in one place and so little human contact. But that's understandable, since we don't have much choice in that matter – we just don't feel secure enough surrounded by strangers standing so close.
If you're bold or adventurous enough you can try making eye contact and smile (or express some other human quality) while 'stuck' in such crowded situation. I bet you'll find it extremely awkward and the results varied: some will meet you with a bewildered, frightened face "what do you want, psycho?" kind of thing, others may send you a smile back… (:
Bottom Line
In this post I introduced you with one of the main concepts of Proxemics - the division of personal distance into zones. Don't confuse it with personal territory – think about it as a bubble that encircle you all the time and affects your reactions to others.
Your territory on the other hand is the places and things you consider to be yours, even when you're not there near them: your country, your city, your house, your room, your chair, your phone etc.
C. Type of facial expressions

1. Absent: preoccupied
2. Agonized: as if in pain or tormented
3. Alluring: attractive, in the sense of arousing desire
4. Appealing: attractive, in the sense of encouraging goodwill and/or interest
5. Beatific: see blissful
6. Bilious: ill-natured
7. Black: angry or sad, or see hostile
8. Bleak: see grim and hopeless
9. Blinking: surprise, or lack of concern
10. Blissful: showing a state of happiness or divine contentment
11. Blithe: carefree, lighthearted, or heedlessly indifferent
12. Brooding: see anxious and gloomy
13. Bug eyed: frightened or surprised
14. Chagrined: humiliated or disappointed
15. Cheeky: cocky, insolent
16. Cheerless: sad
17. Choleric: hot-tempered, irate
18. Coy: flirtily playful, or evasive
19. Crestfallen: see despondent
20. Darkly: with depressed or malevolent feelings
21. Deadpan: expressionless, to conceal emotion or heighten humor
22. Dejected: see despondent
23. Derisive: see sardonic
24. Despondent: depressed or discouraged
25. Doleful: sad or afflicted
26. Dour: stern or obstinate; see also despondent
27. Downcast: see despondent
28. Dreamy: distracted by daydreaming or fantasizing
29. Ecstatic: delighted or entranced
30. Etched: see fixed
31. Faint: cowardly, weak, or barely perceptible
32. Fixed: concentrated or immobile
33. Furtive: stealthy
34. Gazing: staring intently
35. Glancing: staring briefly as if curious but evasive
36. Glaring: see hostile
37. Glazed: expressionless due to fatigue or confusion
38. Gloomy: see despondent and sullen
39. Glowering: annoyed or angry
40. Glowing: see radiant
41. Grim: see despondent; also, fatalistic or pessimistic
42. Grave: serious, expressing emotion due to loss or sadness
43. Haunted: frightened, worried, or guilty
44. Hopeless: depressed by a lack of encouragement or optimism
45. Hostile: aggressively angry, intimidating, or resistant
46. Hunted: tense as if worried about pursuit
47. Impassive: see deadpan
48. Inscrutable: mysterious, unreadable
49. Jeering: insulting or mocking
50. Languid: lazy or weak
51. Leering: see meaningful; also, sexually suggestive
52. Meaningful: to convey an implicit connotation or shared secret
53. Mild: easygoing
54. Mischievous: annoyingly or maliciously playful
55. Moody: see sullen
56. Pained: affected with discomfort or pain
57. Pallid: see wan
58. Peering: with curiosity or suspicion
59. Peeved: annoyed
60. Petulant: see cheeky and peeved
61. Pitying: sympathetic
62. Pleading: seeking apology or assistance
63. Pouting: see sullen
64. Quizzical: questioning or confused
65. Radiant: bright, happy
66. Roguish: see mischievous
67. Sanguine: bloodthirsty, confident
68. Sardonic: mocking
69. Scornful: contemptuous or mocking
70. Scowling: displeased or threatening
71. Searching: curious or suspicious
72. Set: see fixed
73. Shamefaced: ashamed or bashful
74. Slack-jawed: dumbfounded or surprised
75. Sly: cunning; see also furtive and mischievous
76. Snarling: surly
77. Sneering: see scornful
78. Somber: see grave
79. Sour: unpleasant
80. Stolid: inexpressive
81. Straight-faced: see deadpan
82. Sulky: see sullen
83. Sullen: resentful
84. Taunting: see jeering
85. Taut: high-strung
86. Tense: see taut
87. Tight: see pained and taut
88. Unblinking: see fixed
89. Vacant: blank or stupid looking
90. Veiled: see inscrutable
91. Wan: pale, sickly; see also faint
92. Wary: cautious or cunning
93. Wide eyed: frightened or surprised
94. Wild eyed: excited, frightened, or stressful
95. Wistful: yearning or sadly thoughtful
96. Withering: devastating; see also wrathful
97. Woeful: full of grief or lamentation
98. Wolfish: see leering and mischievous
99. Wrathful: indignant or vengeful
100. Wry: twisted or crooked to express cleverness or a dark or ironic feeling

D. Kind of eye contact
Western Cultures  
The UK, USA, Australia and Western Europe all have fairly similar social expectations of when and where eye contact is appropriate… which is most of the time!
Eye contact is expected in Western culture, it is a basic essential to a social interaction which shows a person’s interest and engagement with your conversation.
In Western cultures eyes are considered to show the central point of a person’s focus. So if somebody doesn’t give any eye contact during a conversation, it may be considered insulting. Many people would take this to mean that they weren’t interested, and take their wandering eyes as a sign of their distraction.
In other, more formal, circumstances in Western cultures a lack of eye contact can be seen in another way. For example, in an interview situation, strong eye contact by the interviewee is seen as a sign of self-belief, whereas a lack of eye contact is seen as a lack of confidence.


Middle Eastern Cultures 
While the many cultures of the Middle Eastern countries can hardly be grouped together, they do have a few common trends – one of which is their use of eye contact.
Eye contact is less common, and considered less appropriate than in Western cultures. There are strict gender rules, whereby women should not make too much eye contact with men as it could be misconstrued as a romantic interest.
Intense eye contact is often a method used to show sincerity. Long, strong eye contact can mean ‘believe me, I’m telling you the truth’.
Asian Cultures 
Asian cultures place great importance on respect. Hierarchies are much more visible in their society than in Western cultures, and their social behaviors mirror this.
In countries such as China and Japan, eye contact is not considered an essential to social interaction, instead it is often considered inappropriate. In such an authoritarian culture, it is believed that subordinates shouldn’t make steady eye contact with their superiors.
For example, students are discouraged from making eye contact with their professors, as it can be interpreted as a sign of disrespect. Similarly a daughter will point her eyes downwards when her father is speaking to her, as a sign of politeness and respect.



African and Latin American Cultures 
Many African and Latin American cultures, while unique in many ways, remain strong hierarchical societies. In many circumstances intense eye contact is seen as aggressive, confrontational and extremely disrespectful.
Eye contact is so subtly ingrained into every culture that it is something which is rarely even considered before travelling abroad.
Westerner’s use of eye contact could be deemed inappropriate, and even disrespectful, in many other cultures – so make sure you learn the use of eye contact and body language before you jet off!
Steph loves to travel. She has traveled to many different countries and experienced life in many different cultures – so you can trust her to understand the importance of eye contact and body language. She writes for Lenstore, an online retailer of contact lenses.
Amount of touching
1)      Touch for monoy
A well-timed touch can encourage other people to return a lost item. In one experiment, users of a phone booth who were touched were more likely to return a lost dime to an experimenter (Kleinke, 1977). The action was no more than a light touch on the arm.
People will do more than that though; people will give a bigger tip to a waitress who has touched them (Crusco & Wetzel, 1984). (Stop giggling at the back there!)
2)      Touch for help
People are also more likely to provide help when touched. In one study, strangers who were touched lightly on the arm were more likely to help an experimenter pick up things they had dropped (Gueguen, 2003). The percentage of people who helped went up from 63% to 90%.
3)      Touch for compliance
The power of a light touch on the upper arm often extends more broadly to compliance.
In a study by Willis and Hamm (1980), participants were asked to sign a petition. While 55% of those not touched agreed to sign it, this went up to 81% of those participants touched once on the upper arm. A second study asked people to fill in a questionnaire. The same touch increased compliance from 40% to 70%.
4)      Touch twice for more compliance
  And you can increase compliance with a second light touch on the arm.
Vaidis and Halimi-Falkowicz (2008) tried this out when asking people in the street to complete a questionnaire. Those touched twice were more likely to complete the questionnaire than those touched once. The effects were strongest when men were touched by a female surveyor.
5)      Or, touch for a fight!
However, the acceptability of touch, especially between men, depends a lot on culture.
When Dolinski (2010) carried out a compliance experiment in Poland, he got quite different results for men and women. In Poland men asked to do the experimenter a favour reacted badly to a light touch on the arm. This seemed to be related to higher levels of homophobia. Women, however, still reacted positively to touch.
6)      Touch to sell your car
Unlike Poland, France has a contact culture and touching is acceptable between two men. So French researchers Erceau and Gueguen (2007) approached random men at a second-hand car market. Half were touched lightly on the arm for 1 second, the other half weren’t.Afterwards those who had been touched rated the seller as more sincere, friendly, honest, agreeable and kind. Not bad for a 1-second touch. We can safely assume the results would have been quite different in Poland!
7)      Touch for a date
You won’t be surprised to hear that men show more interest in a woman who has lightly touched them. But here’s the research anyway: Gueguen (2010) found men easily misinterpreted a light nonsexual touch on the arm as a show of sexual interest.Perhaps more surprisingly women also responded well to a light touch on the arm when being asked for their phone number by a man in the street (Gueguen, 2007). This may be because women associated a light 1 or 2-second touch with greater dominance. (Bear in mind, though, that this research was in France again!)
8)      Touch for power
Touch communicates something vital about power relationships. Henley (1973) observed people in a major city as they went about their daily business. The people who tended to touch others (versus those being touched) were usually higher status. Generally we regard people who touch others as having more power in society (Summerhayes & Suchner, 1978).
9)      Touch to communicate
  Touch comes in many different forms and can communicate a variety of different emotions. Just how much can be communicated through touch alone is demonstrated by one remarkable study by Hertenstein et al. (2006).
Using only a touch on the forearm, participants in this study tried to communicate 12 separate emotions to another person. The receiver, despite not being able to see the toucher, or the touch itself, were pretty accurate for anger, fear, disgust, love, gratitude and sympathy. Accuracy ranged from 48% to 83%.
To put it in context, that is as good as we can do when we can see someone’s face.
10)  Massage for maths
  So, if you can do all that with a touch, imagine what you could do with a massage!
Well, one study has found that it can boost your maths skills (Field, 1996). Compared with a control group, participants who received massages twice a week for 5 weeks were not only more relaxed but also did better on a maths test. Once again, witness the incredible power of touch.